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Principle

A foundational guideline — least privilege, defense-in-depth, fail-secure, separation of duties.

Security principles are technology-independent guidelines: least privilege (grant only the access a role needs), defense-in-depth (layer controls so no single failure is fatal), fail-secure (default to denied on error), and separation of duties. Least privilege and defense-in-depth appear on nearly every Security+ exam and outlast any specific product or platform.

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