Bradycardia
Heart rate below 60 beats per minute; may be normal in conditioned athletes but pathological if the patient is symptomatic.
Common causes of pathological bradycardia include SA node dysfunction, high-degree AV block, hypothyroidism, and drug toxicity (digoxin, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers). Transcutaneous pacing is used for unstable bradycardia refractory to atropine.
(Placeholder study content — expanded in the content build step.)
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