Biology Essentials Quiz
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Terms in this set
- Cell Organelles The specialized structures inside a cell: the nucleus stores DNA, mitochondria make ATP, ribosomes build proteins, the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus process and ship them, and lysosomes digest waste.
- Diffusion, Osmosis & Cell Transport Movement across the cell membrane: diffusion moves solutes high-to-low concentration without energy, osmosis is the diffusion of water toward higher solute concentration, and active transport pumps substances against the gradient using ATP.
- Mitosis & Meiosis Mitosis makes two identical diploid cells for growth and repair; meiosis makes four genetically unique haploid gametes through two divisions with crossing over.
- DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis DNA stores the genetic code in base pairs (A-T, G-C); transcription copies a gene into mRNA (A-U, G-C) in the nucleus, and translation reads mRNA three bases (one codon) at a time at the ribosome to build a protein.
- Mendelian Genetics Inheritance through allele pairs: genotype is the allele combination (homozygous or heterozygous), phenotype is the observable trait, dominant alleles mask recessive ones, and a Punnett square predicts offspring ratios.
- Biological Macromolecules The four molecule families of life: carbohydrates (quick energy; monomer = monosaccharide), lipids (stored energy, membranes; fats are not true polymers), proteins (structure and enzymes; monomer = amino acid), and nucleic acids (information; monomer = nucleotide).